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Orchestration describes the automated arrangement, coordination, and management of complex computer systems, middleware and services. It is often discussed as having an inherent intelligence or even implicitly autonomic control, but those are largely aspirations or analogies rather than technical descriptions. In reality, ''orchestration'' is largely the effect of automation or systems deploying elements of control theory.〔''Thomas Erl''. Service-Oriented Architecture: Concepts, Technology & Design. ''Prentice Hall'', ISBN 0-13-185858-0.〕 This usage of ''orchestration'' is often discussed in the context of service-oriented architecture, virtualization, provisioning, Converged Infrastructure and dynamic datacenter topics. Orchestration in this sense is about aligning the business request with the applications, data, and infrastructure. It defines the policies and service levels through automated workflows, provisioning, and change management. This creates an application-aligned infrastructure that can be scaled up or down based on the needs of each application. Orchestration also provides centralized management of the resource pool, including billing, metering, and chargeback for consumption. For example, orchestration reduces the time and effort for deploying multiple instances of a single application. And as the requirement for more resources or a new application is triggered, automated tools now can perform tasks which, previously, could only be done by multiple administrators operating on their individual pieces of the physical stack.〔(Onisick, Joe, "Private Cloud Automation, Orchestration, And Measured Service," Network Computing, June 23, 2011. )〕 A somewhat different usage relates to the process of coordinating an exchange of information through web service interactions. (See also service-oriented architecture, and web service choreography.) Applications which decouple the orchestration layer from the service layer are sometimes called agile applications. A distinction is often made between orchestration (a local view from the perspective of one participant) and choreography (coordination from a global multi-participant perspective, albeit without a central controller). Orchestration and Choreography in the context of Cloud Computing: Cloud computing introduces more-granular and specific meanings of these terms: "workflows" and "processes" are used in different domains. At one level there are inter-company business processes, and at another level there are processes to get the wide area network ("the cloud") operational. To keep matters simple, we will define "an orchestrator" as: the entity that manages complex cross domain (system, enterprise, firewall) processes, and that handles exceptions. Since an orchestrator is valuable in the fulfillment, assurance as well as billing processes,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.flexiant.com/2012/03/13/a-few-moments-on-cloud-billing/ )〕 service-aware incarnations of an orchestrator should be capable of adjustments based on feedback from monitoring tools. At the most basic level, an orchestrator is a human. The main difference, then, between a workflow "automation" and an "orchestration" (in the context of cloud computing), is that workflows are processed and completed as processes within a single domain for ''automation'' purposes, whereas ''orchestration'' includes a workflow and provides a directed action towards larger goals and objectives.〔 In this context, and with the overall aim to achieve specific goals and objectives (described through Quality of Service parameters), e.g., meet application performance goals using minimized cost and maximize application performance within budget constraints, cloud management solutions also encompass frameworks for workflow mapping and management. Cloud service orchestration therefore is the: * ''Composing'' of architecture, tools and processes used by humans to deliver a defined Service. * ''Stitching'' of software and hardware components together to deliver a defined Service. * ''Connecting'' and ''Automating'' of workflows when applicable to deliver a defined Service. Orchestration is critical in the delivery of cloud services because: * Cloud services are intended to scale-up arbitrarily and dynamically, without requiring direct human intervention to do so. * Cloud service delivery includes fulfillment assurance and billing. * Cloud services delivery entails workflows in various technical and business domains. == References == 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Orchestration (computing)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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